Cartier Announced the Launch of New Love Bracelet

Are you familiar with Cartier Love Collection? If no, let me tell you. It is the embodiment of power, energy, and elegance. The original collection debuted in the 1970s. Its designer modeled it after the chastity belt, which was bolted to a wives' waists when their husbands went away - to keep them faithful. It was designed to represent enduring love because it was fastened with a tiny, sturdy screw, which required an equally tiny screwdriver to open and close it. Once closed, the bracelet signifies a committed relationship.
I have always been obsessed with the Replica Hermes Jewelry collection. Now, the classic Cartier Love Collection was recently reborn with a whole new line of pieces in addition to the classic Love bracelet. I just cannot wait for presenting with you.

Cartier Love Rose Gold Bracelet

Cartier Love Rose GoldCartier Love Rose Gold Bracelet
Rose gold has always been my favorite fine metal, thus as soon as I laid eyes on the bracelet, I was totally attracted. The brand new love bracelet in rose gold really really show endless love. Thanks to the romantic great brilliancy of rose gold metal, the total features chic and eye-catching. It's really a hard thing to refuse it. The diamonds, set into the gold, retain their sparkle without cleaning for a long time and can never fail to catch the light. Plus with the perfect ellipse shaped and the famed "screw" motif, the great sense of modern totally open up before our eyes.

Cartier Love Bracelet with Multicolor Diamonds
The bracelet contains multicolor diamonds in place of the screws which are arranged like the rainbow on the wrist. It enjoyably composes a fair-sounding tune, and expresses the sweet love all the time.

In a word, it is absolutely the most precious items from Cartier jewelries since it can make eternal love forever. How far would you go for love? Let's time test it.   Click HERE for more information on the www.royaljewelries.com

Cartier Santos 100 - Watches Reviewed

As sturdy, powerful, and majestic as Fort Knox, the striking and yet elegant series of Cartier Santos 100 watches makes a strong and confident fashion statement. This beautifully crafted extra large watch from Cartier features a stainless steel construction, including a 38-millimeter case, bezel, bracelet with screws, and an octagonal crown with a faceted spindle. The silvered opaline square dial has Roman-numeral hour markers, a date window, luminescent sword-shaped black oxidized steel hands, and a scratch-resistant sapphire dial window. The Cartier Santos 100 series of watches are powered by mechanical movement with convenient automatic winding, this stunning, jaw dropping timepiece is also water resistant up to 330 feet in depth. It has a brilliant eye-catching design that makes it worth its price. The quality is just "ooh-la-la" , lets just put it as, it is a concoction of fashion and technology. So when you look at the series of Cartier Santos 100 watches you'll be like "Is it a jewel? Is it a watch? Is it a technical posh object? . Well it doesn't matter I'm Lovin it". Replica Cartier Jewelry Indeed the series of Cartier Santos 100's design is appealing and mesmerizing. Every person who sees it falls in love with it. For some, price comes in the way, whereas for the others, who don't buy it, we can say they are just not fashionable enough!

The Masterful Maison Cartier has been creating these precious objects for more than 150 years. Each object is designed respecting the three traditional values of the Maison: creativity, authenticity and originality. From their creation to the present day, The Cartier collections have crossed the centuries. Watches, jewelry, perfume, small leather goods, accessories... you name it!,and it's a part of the magic of Cartier. Owning a Cartier watch is a status symbol and shows off wealth and placement in society. Cartier makes watch collections like Declaration, Tortue, Tank, Santos, Pasha De, Roadster, and Chronoscaph. The materials used to make these elegant watches are platinum, yellow gold, white gold, pink gold, steel and titanium. Cartiers makes watches for men and women in all different sizes. Some of the other popular Cartier watches are watches such as the Tank Americaine series, Tank Francaise series, Tortue series, and Pasha Seatimer series.

The Cartier Santos 100 watch series is more than just a watch, it's a super watch. If we were to grade it on a scale from 1 to 10, we would definitely give it a 10 out of 10, but since its name already indicates its unquestionable efficiency, we don't have to elaborate on how efficient it can be, as far as quality and design are concerned. The Santos 100 watch series is perfectly designed to match your lifestyle, whatever it may be, and your requirements, and it's definitely going to make you fall in love with its impeccable features, So why waste your money on something inferior, when you can buy something precious and something that's worth its price aka "A Santos 100 Watch"! http://www.royaljewelries.com/replica-hermes-jewelry.html

An Experience of Choosing Cartier Wedding Ring

Wedding ring comes from the ancient Egypt.A ring worn on the ring finger indicated that the bride is loyal and obedient to her husband.Now it is popular to exchange rings at the wedding ceremony.After being married, people should wear the ring on the left ring finger, which means that the left hand is tied with the heart.So the couple will be together forever.

There are different stories between different couples.The wedding ring is the symbol of the love.So all the people want to choose the best ring, including my brother. He will marry a beautiful girl next month.It is time for him to choose the ring.But he is confused.Because there are many brands of rings on the market.So I decide to learn about some brands and give him some suggestions.

When I surf the Internet,I am attracted by Van Cleef & Arpels Jewelry Cartier immediately.I do not know the reason, just a kind of feeling.This feeling makes me learn something more about the Cartier.

Founded in 1847,Cartier led the jewelry in the world.It used the hard,diamond - inlaid platinum creatively in 1895.This became a perfect mix of diamonds representing the quality, bright, solid and lasting.It also defined the standard of ring.Every Cartier ring is created according to true portrayal of a new combination.Its creative design is like the emotion sparking from the initial burst.And the choice of material is very careful.At last,Cartier ring is the promise of love between lovers.With the help of Cartier professionals' selection,the love will succumb to that wedding ring just belonging to you.In the global store of Cartier,there is a couple who decide to buy Cartier ring every 10 minutes.Their choices are due to the excellence process of selection and the tireless pursuit of the diamond inlay.

I tell the result to my brother at once.He is very grateful to me and decides to buy Cartier ring without any hesitation.I believe that Cartier wedding ring will bring good luck to them.

Love makes young people get together.They want to find a ring to last and symbolize their forever love.So Cartier wedding ring is their best choices. via

Proteomics: New Science Frontier Presents Interesting Career Opportunities

In the world of science, proteomics is analogous to genomics in that proteomics studies the structures and functions of the entire complement of proteins in the same manner that genomics focuses on the entire structure of the genome.  In practice, proteomics jobs can be even more complicated than careers in genomics because unlike the genome, the proteome can vary from cell to cell and from time to time.  This makes identification and analysis of proteomes a very time consuming and arduous process.

Studying both the genome and the proteome has led to the identification and manufacture of potential new drugs which may treat disease.  In terms of proteomics, if a certain protein structure is identified as being connected to a certain ailment, a drug can be designed to interfere with the functioning of that protein, thus limiting the growth and spread of the disease.  Eventually, proteomics jobs may include designing specific drugs for specific people based on their individual protein structures, resulting in a much higher success rate in treatment.

Several diseases which have been particularly difficult to isolate and treat may be targeted in the future by proteomics scientists.  These diseases include Alzheimer's, heart disease, and the HIV virus.  With all of these conditions, certain biomarkers on proteins can indicate a patient who is at risk for contracting the disease.  If a medical professional can identify these biomarkers, they may be able to treat the patient more quickly and efficiently, thus increasing their chances of recovery, or at least a reduction in symptoms.  Therefore, proteomics careers can have a huge impact on the quality of life of many people.

Attention to detail and an aptitude for data analysis are just two of the qualifications that a person considering proteomics jobs should posses.  Good communication skills, the ability to work well alone as well as within a team, and an interest in computer technology are all important factors to take into consideration if one is researching the prospect of becoming a proteomics scientist.  In addition, a proteomics scientist might occasionally be faced with some of the ethical issues inherent in the molecular life sciences, so should feel secure in his or her beliefs and possess a strategy to manage some of the conflicts that may arise.

Once someone has confirmed that they are a good candidate to consider proteomics jobs in the future, they should be sure to pursue the correct educational preparation.  First, the potential candidate must obtain a Bachelor's degree from an accredited institution.  Major course work should be focused on molecular biology or biochemistry, with additional classes in calculus, physics, and organic chemistry.  Research experience is mandatory for those looking to pursue graduate level study in this discipline, so any undergraduate research opportunities should be taken full advantage of by the future proteomics scientist.

While pursuing their Master's degree, a proteomics candidate might take courses such as biocomputing, microarray data analysis, molecular modeling and structure-based drug design, and bioinformatics.  Clearly a person with an objective appreciation for the sciences and the ability to focus on highly detailed reports and information is the best candidate forjobs in proteomics.  The candidate must also be able to convert that raw data into usable information, so critical thinking skills are absolutely mandatory.

After the potential employee completes his or her education requirements, they may choose to focus on a specific area of specialization.  Some of the options might include protein modification, protein quantification, structural proteomics, or the newest branch of discipline- cellular proteomics.  Which area of specialization a person chooses might depend on whether they prefer to focus on protein separation, or on protein identification.  Another option for a proteomics graduate would be to focus their work on the technological aspect of proteomics, specializing in reverse phase chromatography, x-ray crystallography, or tandem mass spectrometry, just to name a few.

No matter which specialty a person chooses to pursue, proteomics jobs are sure to offer a person a long, stable career working to improve the quality of life for people all over the world.  If someone is analytical, detail oriented, and has an affinity for the sciences, he or she is sure to find a niche in the proteomics sciences.  With hard work and determination, any candidate with the right aptitudes can enjoy their journey in proteomics.

Analysis Gold Ore With Chemical

One form of assessment activities Technology of gold mining is the analysis of rock samples to see in detail the content of metals contained in the land which will be held in the processing of economic activity. Where rock samples can be tested on a laboratory analysis. And today has many methods of analysis used in viewing the content of metallic minerals contained in rocks, but it all depends on the required results in testing, as well as methods of analysis using polarized light techniques and electron microscopy which is the best analysis in identifying minerals with very modern equipment.

Method Technology of gold mining for analysis obtain from  an analysis of its structure, texture and Mineralogy in specific minerals from rock samples. To get a detailed analysis of the mineral content of rocks need to use the latest analytical techniques such as Fire Assay, Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS), Induced Coupled Plasma (IC), and mass spectrometry.

In addition to modern methods of analysis can also be used a simple method by using a chemical solution to see the presence of metallic mineral deposits of gold from rock samples that were analyzed. This method is very simple and easy to do and very simple, yet has enough sensitivity to accuracy in view of the metal content of gold in rock samples of minerals.

The Fire-Assay analysis is the method of choice for the analysis of precious metals traces in ores. All gold bearing alloys or grains and Sterling Silver alloys are assayed by Fire-Assay techniques

Some of the steps used in the test stages of mineral content of rocks that will be done in a simple way is as follows :
Examplesofrocksthat have beentakenfromland thathad beensurveyedfrom thesamplepitof approximately60 grams ofmashedup toapproximately200 mesh, and 30grams ofmineralconcentrates fromtherocksamples.
Preparethe waterdistilled waterin aflaskerlenmeyer. Or glassphirexlarge.  
aqua+regia+for+gold.jpg

Using a measuring cup, make a chemical solution of Aqua Regia is a mixture of 3 parts HCL (muriatic acid or 4 parts) plus 1 part HNO3, as much as 4 to 5 times the volume of rock specimens.
Pour slowly into the glass Aqua Regia phirex containing distilled water. The composition of the distilled water with Aqua Regia is 1 : 1, so that the smell that caused no sting but a solution of aqua regia is sulfficent to react
reaction+aqua+regia+for+mineral.jpg

Aqua Regia and then heat with temperatures between 85 degrees Celsius to 90 degrees Celsius over the coals of fire or stove Enter a little rock that had been mashed into the glass phirex that have been content with a solution of Aqua Regia while observing the reaction and allow at least 30minutes.
reaction+aqua+regia+for+gold.jpg      It will be in getting the gold dissolution reaction of aqua regia   Au + 3HNO3 4HCl = HAuCl4 + + 3NO2 + 3H2O.      process+Assay+for+mineral.jpg

 After the reaction is finished wait until a cold solution of aqua regia and water settles. And then filtered using a tea strainer on top of filter have been added with a cloth napkin. So that will separate between the precipitate and the solution of aqua regia.
Apply+Sample+for+gold.jpgAnaliysis+sample+for+gold.jpg

To test the presence or absence of the gold content in rock samples Premixed then drops on a tissue of the filter or it can also result  in drops to the solution of the filtering. And for a premixed solution can be made by using 5% stannous Chloride / Tin Chloride (SnCl2) is dissolved with 95% HCL) stannous chloride(SnCl2) is a reagent for testing the presence of gold metal content is very sensitive, and capable of detecting up to 10 ppb.
Analiysis+for+gold.jpg

In the sediment screening results, if there are purple results from Premixed droplets (called Purple of Cassius), the metallic minerals in the identification of the element metals contain gold ore minerals

Select Experienced Proteomics Company for Absolute Quantification

If your business requires you to procure high quality Custom AQUA Peptides, then you have to rely on an integrated CRO setup that delivers an exhaustive range of drug improvement services. It is pertinent that you choose a service provider that enjoys significant experience and expertise in the fields of organic chemistry, genomics, biochemistry, systems biology, preclinical and clinical studies, molecular biology, bioinformatics, and structural biology, amongst certain others. With a full range of services at your disposal, you can benefit from several of the proteome-related researches undertaken by your preferred setup in order to identify single protein for their use in incomprehensive proteomic studies.

Choose a top cadre company that is renowned to have one of the most advanced proteomics boards in the global frontier. With a specialized company by your side, you could be guaranteed of the quality of inputs embodied in the process of absolute quantification, through a full-fledged range of staffed scientists that are well versed with the avenue of proteomics. As such, these experienced professionals can render you with full support services pertaining to identification and quantification, characterization, protein separation, analyzing of protein post-translational phase of modification, and processes featured with high throughput and super-sensitivity.

It is a well-known fact that in the extensive world of science, proteomics is equivalent to genomics. While in genomics, the process focuses on the full range of how a genome is structured. In proteomics, the processes involved therein complement the structures and functionalities of proteins. As proteome tasks can vary frequently from cell to cell and vary with the passage of time, these are recognized as the more complicated jobs. These tasks are time consuming, as they involve research and extensive analysis. If your business requires an analysis of Isotope Labeled AQUA Internal Standard Peptide, then you ought to select a top-notch proteomics company that houses thoroughbred specialists, who are skilled and experienced in handling hard-to-analyze samples that include cerebral-spinal fluid, serum, and plasma membrane. Choose a service provider that can help you in studying several protein-protein interactions and protein post-translational modifications. A pedigree service provider can also present your business with foolproof project counseling, along with several variants of optimal services fulfilling your needs. More so, with a specialty provider of proteomics, you can procure all product offerings and services from it, at the lowest cost level in the entire industry.

The study of Isotope Labeled AQUA Internal Standard Peptide belongs to the arena of targeted proteomics. The process of absolute quantification of proteins approach permits complete quantification of proteins in biological testers. The process finds its basis on the principle of the isotope labeled internal standard that is implemented classically for absolute quantification through bulk spectrometry. A native peptide is analyzed in subsequent to numerous standards to signify the protein for quantifying. An AQUA peptide is essentially a synthetic peptide conforming to the designated native peptide with one isotope labeled (13C, 15N, 2D) amino acid. The process is complex and has to be undertaken by a professional company specializing in proteomics studies.

Creative Proteomics is a company specializing in everything related to proteomics. If your business needs custom AQUA peptides or a process requires absolute quantification involved in protein peptides, then you have to rely on this renowned company to save time and effort.

Proteomics & Bioinformatics Game Changers in Modern Medicine

Proteins are one of the most important structural and functional components of living organisms and they play a vital role in all the metabolic processes. Proteomics is the study of protein structures and functions by using computers and software tools. ‘Proteomics' word was coined by Marc Wilkins in 1994 and accepted in 1997with analogy to genomics, which is the study of genome. Actually the proteome refers to the entire set of proteins produced or modified in an organism or cell. Proteomics is now an emerging discipline and is an important component of functional genomics.

Another recently emerged important discipline is Bioinformatics.  It is an interdisciplinary field that develops methods, softwares and tools for assessing biological data. It is the combination of Computer science, engineering, mathematics and statistics. It is the main source and hope for development of personalized nanomedicine and future advancements in medicine.

Journal of Proteomics & Bioinformatics is a prestigious peer reviewed international journal focused on publishing discoveries and current developments regarding Bioinformatics tools, Protein Biochemistry, Proteomes, Translational modifications, Amino acid sequencing, etc. This Open Access journal provides a good platform for the scientists and researchers to publish their remarkable findings which help the aspiring scholars in this field by providing the content online worldwide without any subscriptions charges.

Scientific articles regarding Mass Spectrometry, Metabolomics, Data Mining, Genomics, Translational proteomics, Epigenomics, Pharmacogenomics, Pharmacoproteomics, Proteomics Clinical applications, Cancer Biomarkers, Open Biomarkers, Transcriptomics, Molecular and Cellular Proteomics, Proteomes, Human Genomics and Proteomics, were also given high importance for publication.

Articles with highly advanced scientific content are given high priority for publication, for example an article which describes Microbial Carboxylesterases role in thermal adaptation using In Silico approach. Actually Carboxylesterases catalyze the hydrolysis of carboxylic ester molecule in the presence of water to form alcohol and carboxylic acid. Authors did in silico analysis of ten carboxylesterases (E.C. 3.1.1.1) sequences from two groups of organisms mesophilic and thermophilic for various physiochemical parameters and amino acid sequence comparison. They found phylogenetic relationship between the two groups using maximum parsimony method of MEGA-6. They further analyzed the carboxylesterases, using online ProtParam ExPASy tool for other physicochemical properties and also they detected the presence of conserved catalytic triad S157, D254, H284 with the help of multiple sequence alignment (MSA). They observed that the two groups of enzymes showed significant variation in their physical and chemical properties. They  found that esterases affinity for water soluble short chain fatty esters is due to the Polar amino acid residues such as Gln (Q), Asn (N), Cys (C) Lys (K), Thr (T) and Glu (D) and these helps to distinguish lipases from esterases for their affinity. They concluded that because of the affinity of polar amino acids to water molecules, they have the tendency to be on the exterior side of the protein which enables them to interact with Polar Regions on the bio-surfaces.

Uses of Nuclear Chemistry

Introduction to uses of nuclear chemistry

Nuclear chemistry has evolved over the decades and has grown into a major branch of science. Nuclear chemistry essentially is the study of the physical and chemical properties of elements that are influenced by changes in the structure of atomic nuclei. Nuclear chemistry is also referred to  radiochemistry and has interdisciplinary applications.

Uses of Nuclear Chemistry

Nuclear power is used to generate electricity. The discovery of nuclear fission led to the development of nuclear weapons.

Nuclear chemistry suggested the chemical separation techniques for isolation of radioactive isotopes from the fission products wastes for industrial and medical uses
Whether it is to determine the age of the universe or to define food chains in the oceans, astrophysicists, marine biologists, forensic scientists use the principles of radiometric dating to study diverse problems.

Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), a newly developed analytical technique has made it possible for the nuclear chemists to apply the radiometric dating principles to the isotopes that are nonradioactive. This helps in studying new and ancient processes that were affected by isotopic fractionation.

Nuclear medicine is rapidly expanding. Short-lived radioactive isotopes are used to diagnose illnesses and to treat specific diseases.

Nuclear chemists are synthesizing drugs from radionuclides that are produced in nuclear reactors or accelerators. These drugs are injected into the patient to locate specific organs or cancerous tumors.  Radiopharmaceuticals are used to generate images of the tumors and the affected organ and to form a medical diagnosis of the problems. The tumors and the parts of the affected organs that are  missed by the x rays can be easily  detected with this technique. Radioactive compounds are administered in controlled doses to destroy tumors.

NMR nuclear magnetic resonance imaging uses the net spin of nuclei for imaging. This is used for diagnostic purposes in medicine. NMR provides detailed images of the inside of a human body without inflicting any radiation upon them.

Please express your views of this topic Formula for Radioactive Decay by commenting on blog

Conclusion to Uses of Nuclear Chemistry

Nuclear chemistry is the study of properties of elements that are influenced by changes in the nuclei. Nuclear chemistry has several uses ranging from the study of element formation in the universe to the designing of radioactive drugs for diagnostic medicine. This field of chemistry  has lots more to offer in the days to come.

Symbols of these rays

1. Alpha rays
Represented as α. These are positively charged rays. Since the alpha rays have a mass of 4 amu and charge _2, they are actually helium nuclei. So, they are also represented as

42He or 42 α

2. Beta Rays
Negatively charged rays. They are represented as: β. Since they have a mass similar to electron, they are also represented as e-. They have a unit negative charge.
0-1e or 0-1 β  

Drug from Scorpion Venom Has Been Approved for Cancer treatment

Dr. Ramon Feliz PhD in Oncology says that Midlife's polarized scorpion serum; Escozine has demonstrated astonishing clinical success and has promising future. Immediate responds of patients are lowering Oncological markers, lowering pain, increase of apatite; better sleep, after three months treatment with Escozine, he observed significant decrease of tumor size in many patients. An eight-year, open-label clinical study involved 8,302 cancer patients representing a wide spectrum of cancer types

Blue scorpion serum showed an 89.5% success rate in the quality of life of subjects in the study. Thousands of stage four cancer patients who were only given months to live are still alive today years after first taking blue scorpion serum. Escozine has been used in combination with chemotherapy, radiation and other conventional treatments.

According to Dr. Ramon Feliz Escozine will very soon become one of the main alternative or complementary options in the conventional cancer treatment protocol.

US Bio pharmaceutical Corporation Medolife specializes in research and development of natural cancer fighting drugs and has signed an agreement with Alopecil Laboratory the State certified pharmaceutical company from the Dominican Republic to start production of Escozine, a  medicine approved and certified for Oncological treatments by the state drug administration of the Dominican Republic.

The Nutraceutical uses extracts derived from the Caribbean blue scorpion (Rhopalurus junceus/princeps) that is found natively in the Dominican Republic.  Medolife Corporation concluded a contract in 2008 with the Ministry of Environment of the DR's Wildlife Department to research this specific Buthidae family of scorpions ( Karsch, 1879 ) says president of the Medolife Corp. Dr. Arthur Grant Mikaelian.  Atheris laboratory from Switzerland, one of the world leaders  in the study and analysis of crude venoms, define that the venom ofRhopalurus junceus and Rhopalurus princeps both share similar properties and have similar mechanisms of action in cancer cells. Atherises Mass Spectrometry analyses clearly displays signals that are consistent with scorpion venoms with two major sets of masses, the first one located around 3-4 kDa (mainly potassium channel inhibitors) and the second one at 6-8 kDa (mostly sodium channel inhibitors).

Medolife currently prepares new research aimed at demonstrating the advantages of  combining Escozine with several chemotherapy drugs. Clinical observations show that the effectiveness of chemotherapy increases and significantly decreases common side effects. Oncologists from Medolife notice that in some cases when patients develop chemotherapy resistance, adding Escozine to the treatment makes the patient receptive again to chemotherapy.

Medolife now wishes to research this phenomenon with well known chemotherapy drugs like "Avastin" "Taxol" "Cisplatin" and "5-Fluoracil".

Up till now, the natural medicine has only been available in Cuba, where it is known as Escozul but Medolife`s patent pending polarization technique increases the delivery of the scorpion venom into cancer cells by 58% which amplifies the effectiveness of Escozine dramatically compared to Escozul.

Choosing Drug Test Kits in Canada

The alarming statistics of substance abuse among children and teens has prompted many parents to take a more aggressive approach to monitoring the activities of their young ones. This can mean that the parent is keeping an eye on any new or unusual behavior, asking more questions about what their kids are doing every day, and looking for signs of drug or alcohol use.

Although many of the indications of substance abuse are rather obvious, like slurred speech or bloodshot eyes, there are ways that a resourceful child can cover up certain telltale signs that they are using drugs or alcohol. For this reason, drug test kits in Canada are becoming more popular every day as an aid to parents who want to protect their children from the dangers of substance abuse.

The problem that many parents will face when embarking on a drug detection program is the intrusion into their privacy that a child may feel. That is why home drug tests have been designed to be as unobtrusive as possible. A small sample is all that is required for test purposes, and the test itself is conducted in the privacy of the home. This can help to reduce the invasive nature of any drug or alcohol testing program.

Saliva and urine tests are the fastest way to determine the presence of drugs in a person’s system. The results of these types of tests can be obtained in a matter of minutes, and can detect the presence of many different types of drugs. The time frame that can be determined by these tests can go back as far as 72 hours or more.

It should be noted that of all the drug test kits in Canada, only one can be considered as being positively 99.9% accurate according to mandated guidelines for substance levels in the body. The hair follicle test is the only test that can screen for drug use in the past 90 days. The sample is tested in a CLIA certified laboratory which tests samples using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry which is very accurate and can provide amounts and a timeline of drug use.

The other types of drug test kits in Canada mentioned above do contain pre-set cutoff levels that adhere to SAMHSA guidelines to provide a cut-off level of the substance. This allows for use of some prescription drug use at low, monitored levels.

The best deterrent to substance abuse is to spend time with your family and be involved in their lives. Sometimes though, you just won’t know. In that case, especially in situations where drug or alcohol use is suspected, drug test kits in Canada can be the extra step that is needed in order to reassure everyone that the dangers of substance abuse are not taking hold in the home.

Oxygen Analyzer- The Most Vital Element to Human Health

Bhoomi Analyzers with wide analytical instruments product range, forms an integral part of process automation in process industries. Our dedication has made us the pioneers in this field. Our in house research and development has enabled us to enhance the product quality and reliability remarkably.

XGF-404 CEMS smoke emission process analysis system

Introduction

XGF-404 series CEMS smoke emission process analysis system is in accordance with national environmental requirements for power plant boilers or similar conditions in the flue gas continuous emission of gaseous substances, dust , flow rate, pressure and other parameters for continuous detection of multi-functional system for environmental protection department smoke emissions achieve effective control of the quantization . The core of the system is usually by the following relatively independent parts. Flue gas composition (SO2, NOx, CO, O2 , etc. ) continuous monitoring system , the dust concentration detection systems , flue gas flow and pressure monitoring systems, data acquisition and processing system (DAS), other additional measurement parameters.

Oxygen is the most vital element for the human body. So why is it then, the one element of our health that we all take for granted. The answer is simple- while we are breathing one breath after another, we just presume that we are getting enough of it! The truth is though, that this is not the case. 200 years ago the quality of the air was much higher with an oxygen quantity of 30%. Today though, as a result of global pollution and the depletion of our natural resources the air only contains 19% oxygen and in some cities as low as 10% oxygen.

Oxygen in the blood stream nourishes the body's cells, creates energy and helps break down waste products and toxins. It creates immune system defense and it regulates the body's pH balance. Oxygen plays a crucial role in the fight against disease. It has been proven that diseases such as Cancerthrive in an acid pH, so it is imperative that we oxygenate our bodies and maintain an Alkaline pH if we wish to maintain our health and wellness.

Oxygen in the body is necessary for all vital functions and the elimination of waste products. Oxygen gives our bodies the fighting power to resist pathogens, bacteria and viruses.

It is a proven fact that oxygen deficiency eventually leads to disease or illness of some form. "Insufficient oxygen means insufficient biological energy that can result in anything from mild fatigue to life threatening disease" as quoted by Dr W Spencer Way- who wrote in the Journal of the American Association of Physicians.

There are many factors that cause Oxygen Deficiency. Some of these are : Overcooking our food which kills the enzymes, Breathing carbon monoxide fumes which strips oxygen from the blood, Eating processed foods that have little or no oxygen content and are full of chemicals, Drinking tap water with chemical additives such as flouride, De-forestation, Alcohol and Lack of exercise.

It is a proven fact that diseases such as cancer and AIDS, herpes and hepatitis, cannot tolerate high oxygen cells in the blood stream. This alone is reason enough to make a conscious effort to ensure you are oxygenating the blood. If you feel that factors of your environment could be depleting the oxygen supply to your bloodstream, be sure to take a daily oxygen supplement to help counteract these factors.

BHOOMI make analyzers installed at most of the sites are trouble free and have proven long life. Many Industries have shown confidence in us by placing REPETITIVE ORDERS. We are committed to our clients and provide the best after sale services.

Bhoomi Analyzers have vast experience in Analytical Instruments. We manufacture In-situ Zirconia based Oxygen Analyzers, Oxygen Analyzer, continuous emissions monitoring systems, Portable Combustion Analyzers, Flue Gas Analyzer and other sampling systems.

Industrial Accessories Company Provides Compliment of Air Pollution Control Equipment to Newest U.S. Cement Plant

Drake Cement, LLC in Drake , Arizona , USA , is the Southwest's newest cement company, with full-scale operations underway. Located at the site of an old rail town in northwestern Arizona , Drake is 115 miles north of the city of Phoenix , Arizona , and 220 miles southwest of Las Vegas , Nevada . The Drake Cement facility is the first of its kind to be built in the state in over 50 years.

About Drake Cement

Drake Cement focuses exclusively on the production of Type II/V (LA) Portland cement, conforming to the physical and chemical requirements of ASTM C-150 for Types I, II, and V, low alkali cements, as well as ASTM C 1157 for Types GU, MS, and HS cements.

The plant includes a state-of-the-art, six stage precalciner/preheater kiln with a rated capacity of 660,000 tons of clinker per year or 2,000 tons per day. Medium to high volatile western coal is used as a primary fuel and gas for kiln start up. Most of the raw materials will be obtained from an adjoining quarry and the remainder will be imported, primarily from Arizona .

Several operating and pollution controls incorporated into the plant are so advanced that they are found in only a few other facilities throughout the world.

The Drake Cement kiln/raw mill system must conform to very stringent emission limits. To achieve the very strict NOx emission limit, the kiln line includes a low NOx burner, a six stage preheater with low fuel consumption and a low NOx calciner working in combination with the Selective Non Catalytic Reduction (SNCR) system for NOx reduction. Low sulfur coal and raw material is used in addition to the gas scrubbing effect of the raw mill to satisfy the SO2 threshold

Drake Cement and their project manager, ARPL Tecnologia Industrial S.A., awarded Industrial Accessories Company (IAC), Mission , Kansas , USA , the order for the baghouses for the project. Subsequently, IAC was also awarded the supply of the air-to-air heat exchanger, stacks, access stair towers, and structural support steel for the dust collection equipment.

About Industrial Accessories Company

IAC is an industrial design/build and original equipment manufacturer of baghouses, flue gas desulfurization, heavy metal mitigating sorbent injection systems, dry bulk materials handling, and pneumatic conveying systems.

IAC also provides replacement and new components for baghouses and bulk material handling systems as well as complete engineered systems for their customers.

IAC Provides 34 Baghouses, an Air-to-Air Heat Exchanger, Stacks and Custom Steel Fabrication to Drake Cement

IAC provided three process filters for the plant. An IAC M-Pulse long bag filter controlled emissions from the raw mill and kiln. Another controlled emissions from the clinker cooler after first being cooled via an IAC provided air-to-air heat exchanger. The coal grinding system was provided with a filter designed to withstand high internal pressures.

IAC supplied 31 nuisance and dust handling filters for the Drake project. These included four at the primary crusher and the three overland conveyors stretching 3500 ft. from the quarry to the plant. Three more were provided at the limestone covered storage and conveyor transfers to the raw material silos. Six more were installed to control dust from rail and truck receiving and during transport to storage as well as to raw material grinding. Three more were provided atop the blending silo, feed to the preheater and atop the preheater tower. Five provided dust control for clinker transport and two for transport of coal to coal grinding. Seven provided dust control for cement grinding, the cement silo filling and for loadout allowing two trucks and one railcar to be loaded simultaneously.

IAC also provided four de-dusting cyclones for primary collection from the raw meal grinding. During the course of the project, IAC provided over 1000 tons of steel in the form of stacks, access stair towers, and structural supports for the filters, cyclones, ductwork and stacks.

Raw Mill / Kiln Baghouse

A raw meal grinding system with an output of 164 ton/hr utilizes the hot gases from the six stage preheater of the kiln.

IAC provided a six module CEMS for this service. The M-Pulse filter has a penthouse enclosure providing weather protection and an electric overhead hoist to aid in lifting the insulated clean air plenum doors to access bags during maintenance. Its long bag design (7 meter) reduced the equipment footprint and capital investment for Drake. The baghouse contains PTFE coated fiberglass filter media for the 250oC service.

Steep pyramidal hopper design for each module aids material flow and simplifies material collection. Low 50 psi pressure pulse cleaning provides gentle bag cleaning action promoting longer bag life. Unique inlet gas baffle plate design aids in particle collection before filter media is encountered and in gas flow distribution in each module.

Clinker Cooler Baghouse

A clinker cooler with air beam technology is employed for the 2000 ton/day production rate. IAC provided a four module M-Pulse baghouse here with 6 meter PTFE coated Nomex bags for the 200 oC service.

IAC provided the baghouse's steel supporting framework and stack for this filter.

Air-to-Air Heat Exchanger

The gases leaving the cooler, traveling to the clinker cooler baghouse first pass through anair-to-air heat exchanger provided by IAC.

The Air-to-Air Heat Exchanger reduces the temperature of the clinker cooler gas venting to the dust collection system, thereby lowering the gas volume to be handled and baghouse fan horsepower requirements.

During upsets, the air-to-air heat exchanger aids to protect the downstream equipment so that it stays within design temperature limits.

The dust that drops out of the gas stream passing through the air-to-air heat exchanger is collected in a bottom hopper and transported out by a screw conveyor. At the discharge of the screw conveyor, a rotary valve minimizes false air intake before passing the dust to the subsequent conveying system.

Coal Mill Baghouse

Coal is pulverized by a vertical mill with a capacity of 14 tons per hour. The mill includes an IAC pulse-jet filter equipped with explosion relief panels. The baghouse is a "walk-in" plenum design reinforced and insulated.

Nuisance Dust Collection Baghouses

IAC provided a total of 31 dust handling and nuisance dust filters on the project. Each had 8 ft. long bags. All were designed with 70 degree hoppers and were factory insulated to promote discharge of material, avoiding condensation effects due to dramatic shifts in the nighttime and daytime desert temperatures.

Stacks and Custom Steel Fabrication

IAC supplied both the raw mill/kiln exhaust stack and the clinker cooler baghouse exhaust stack. Both were equipped with multiple access levels to allow ease of maintenance of the continuous emissions monitoring systems (CEMS) and for safety during stack testing. The two stacks were 2 meters in diameter and 65 meters tall.

During the course of the project, IAC provided over 1000 tons of steel in the form of stacks, access stair towers, and structural supports for the filters, cyclones, ductwork and stacks. All of the nuisance and dust control baghouses were shipped from the factory pre-piped, prewired and insulated. Process baghouses were field insulated, plumbed and wired under IAC supervision.

Drake Cement's Environmental Citizenship

With their state-of-the-art cement plant near Paulden , Arizona , and their vertically integrated ready mix position in Arizona and southern Nevada , Drake Cement is positioned to provide a wide variety of solutions to the cement and concrete industries. IAC is proud to have provided air pollution control equipment to satisfy Drake's environmental responsibility and commitment to being a good neighbor and corporate citizen.

Integrating Biomass Drying to Produce Alternative Fuel and Raw Material (AFR) Sources for Cement Production Facilities

There are signs that in the future there will be a need for most of the cement clinker production in North America, indeed throughout the world, to generate a portion of their output from renewable sources, of which biomass is a key component. This will allow plants to work towards CO2 neutrality and the establishment of a "greener" footprint.

Potential biomass sources include wood waste, construction & demolition (C&D) wastes, and some carbon rich industrial and agricultural byproducts or waste streams which contain significant moisture such as pulp and paper mill sludges.

Several cement producers have expressed an interest in securing local renewable sources of biomass for their AFR and have requested IAC's assistance in providing design services and equipment to meet these needs.

Industrial Accessories Company is helping cement manufacturers to identify ways in which a biomass drying system can be integrated into their plants to utilize the wasted energy from their processes, specifically their preheaters. IAC is able to incorporate its airto- air heat exchanger technology if required to utilize preheater waste heat while limiting corrosion and erosion from these gases in its biomass drying systems.

IAC Offers Assistance to Cement Producers

For cement producers wishing to install new, retrofit or upgrades to existing air pollution control equipment, sorbent injection or material handling systems, or are interested in determining if biomass, particularly wet biomass, can become one of their alternative fuels and raw materials - IAC is ready to assist. Continuous Emission Monitoring System wikipedia or our site.

Compressed Air Dryer Manufacturers for Assuring Optimal Air Quality

As industries grew and expanded all over, these brought many new problems. Among them the problem of air pollution is very grave. Air being an important utility, after water and electricity, is consistently explored for power. In compressed form, this becomes the most safest and economical source of energy.

The power derived from compressed air is utilized for many things. It is found highly useful for remote areas without any power grids and that are under high fire risks or electrical hazards. It is used for operating a variety of pneumatics tools and control systems. Compressed Air Dryer Manufacturers provide a wide range of dryers with latest air treatment technology. This innovative is range widely appreciated for its precision design and technology. Hence it finds extensive usage in numerous industry and domestic.

It is primarily offered in four types that include Refrigerated, Deliquescent, Desiccant and Membrane dryers. Refrigerated types are specially designed for installations where temperature of the pipeline does not go below 35°F. While the deliquescent range is typically a pressure vessel filled with a hygroscopic desiccant. Its performance varies according to the inlet air temperature. The perfect design of the product can be used for both outdoor as well as indoor air line. Another known range of Desiccant dryers are used for obtaining clean, dry volume in pneumatic systems or storage tanks. And the last but not least, Membrane type is used as dehumidification membranes in many pneumatics systems.

The environmental design of the products perfectly balances our Eco-system. These products are made with carefully chosen components and cutting edge technology as per Industry norms for quality air supply into the systems. The entire product design is appreciated for its unique air treatment features. These are highly efficient in removing oil, dust and water particles from compressed atmospheric air.
This way these are capable of meeting any air treatment requirement in the dynamic and competitive infrastructure market. These are made to enhance system performance offering corrosion free operation. As such, industries get low maintenance and energy efficient mechanisms for quality air supply in to the systems. Indeed, these products have revolutionized air filtration technology worldwide.

Globe-instruments.com offer competent and cost-effective products in industry specific standards that perfectly suit the needs of customers everywhere. Clients can obtain these products either from the market as well as online. Many supply companies provide wider selection at economic prices for customers online. These fully tested products operate well even at extreme temperatures and pressure. Due to these reasons, these equipments are manufactured in bulk quantity for critical laboratory as well as industrial based applications such as pneumatic automation, nitrogen replacement, infrared spectroscopy, lasers, continuous emissions monitoring and many more.

Dq001 oxygen nitrogen hydrogen analyzer

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the production of hydrogen nitrogen oxygen analyzer, it is a leading level of high technology of oxygen nitrogen hydrogen analyzer. It has two independent high oxygen was detected in the infrared detection and low oxygen pool, a detection of nitrogen and hydrogen dual range of thermal conductivity pool. Pulse furnace adopts the circulating water cooling, the sample in the high power pulse in the graphite crucible furnace heating can reach above 3000 ℃ high temperature, Has a high sensitivity, good performance, measurement range and analysis results are accurate and reliable. ONH - 3000 oxygen nitrogen hydrogen analyzer is a rapid and accurate determination of solid inorganic materials in the content of oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen and specially designed and manufactured, in the process of analysis can automatically switch from low to high range. via

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Global ONH Analyzer Market 2016 Industry Research, Trends, Share, Analysis & Forecast 2021

The market study report covers every aspect of the global ONH Analyzer market, starting from the basic market information and advancing further to various significant criteria, based on which, the market is segmented. Global ONH Analyzer marketanalyzed the world’s main region market size, share, trends, conditions, including the product price, profit, capacity, production, capacity utilisation, supply, demand and industry growth rate etc. Key application areas of ONH Analyzer are also assessed on the basis of their performance.

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The competitive framework of the ONH Analyzer market in terms of the global ONH Analyzer industry has been evaluated in the report. The top companies and their overall share and share with respect to the global market have been included in the report. Furthermore, the factors on which the companies compete in the market have been evaluated in the report.

The ONH Analyzer report gives a detailed overview of the key segments in the market. The quickest and slowest growing market segments ar coated during this report. This research report covers the growth prospects of the global market based on end-users. It outlines the market shares of key regions in top ten countries, it also includes analysis of the leading vendors in this market.

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This report also presents product specification, manufacturing process, and product cost structure etc. Production is separated by regions, technology and applications. Analysis also covers upstream raw materials, equipment, downstream client survey, marketing channels, industry development trend and proposals. In the end, the report includes ONH Analyzer new project SWOT analysis, investment feasibility analysis, investment return analysis, and development trend analysis. In conclusion, it is a deep research report on global ONH Analyzer industry.

Major Points in Table of Content

Chapter One Industry Overview
1.1 Definition and Specifications of ONH Analyzer
1.2 Classification of ONH Analyzer
1.3 Applications of ONH Analyzer
1.4 Industry Chain Structure of ONH Analyzer
1.5 Industry Overview and Major Regions Status of ONH Analyzer
1.6 Industry Policy Analysis of ONH Analyzer
1.7 Industry News Analysis of ONH Analyzer

Chapter Two Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
2.1 Raw Material Suppliers and Price Analysis of ONH Analyzer
2.2 Equipment Suppliers and Price Analysis of ONH Analyzer
2.3 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of ONH Analyzer
2.4 Global Price, Cost and Gross of ONH Analyzer 2013-2016

Chapter Three Global Capacity Production and Production Value
3.1 Global ONH Analyzer Manufacturing Base
3.2 2013-2016 Global ONH Analyzer Capacity and Production
3.3 2013-2016 Global ONH Analyzer Production Value and Growth Rate
3.4 2013-2016 Global ONH Analyzer Capacity Production Cost, Production Value and Gross Margin

Chapter Four Global Sales and Sales Revenue by Regions
4.1 2013-2016 Global ONH Analyzer Sales by Regions
4.2 2013-2016 Global Major Regions ONH Analyzer Sales and Growth Rate
4.3 2013-2016 Global ONH Analyzer Sales Revenue by Regions
4.4 2013-2016 Global Major Regions ONH Analyzer Sales Price and Growth Rate

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ONH Analyzer Sales Industry Global Sales, Ex-factory Price, Revenue, Gross Margin Analysis 2016

The Global ONH Analyzer Sales 2016 Market Research Report is a professional and in-depth study on the current state of the ONH Analyzer market.

The report provides a basic overview of the ONH Analyzer industry including definitions, classifications, applications and industry chain structure.

Development policies and plans are discussed as well as manufacturing processes and cost structures are also analyzed. This report also states import/export consumption, supply and demand figures, cost, price, revenue and gross margins.

The report then analyzes the global ONH Analyzer market size (volume and value), and the sales segment market is also discussed by product type, application and region.

The major ONH Analyzer market (including USA, Europe, China, Japan, etc.) is analyzed, data including: market size, import and export, sale segment market by product type and application. Then we forecast the 2016-2021 market size of ONH Analyzer.

The report focuses on global major leading companies providing information such as company profiles, sales, sales revenue, market share and contact information. Then the ONH Analyzer production market status is discussed.

Finally the marketing, feasibility of new investment projects are assessed and overall research conclusions offered.

With 179 tables and figures the report provides key statistics on the state of the industry and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.

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COMPANY PROFILE: 9 Major ONH Analyzer Companies Analysis
9.1 LECO
9.1.1 LECO Profile
9.1.2 2010-2016 LECO ONH Analyzer Sales, Sales Revenue, Sales Price, Gross Margin Analysis
9.1.3 Contact Information

9.2 Bruker
9.2.1 Bruker Profile
9.2.2 2010-2016 Bruker ONH Analyzer Sales, Sales Revenue, Sales Price, Gross Margin Analysis
9.2.3 Contact Information

9.3 ELTRA
9.3.1 ELTRA Profile
9.3.2 2010-2016 ELTRA ONH Analyzer Sales, Sales Revenue, Sales Price, Gross Margin Analysis
9.3.3 Contact Information

9.4 HORIBA
9.4.1 HORIBA Profile
9.4.2 2010-2016 HORIBA ONH Analyzer Sales, Sales Revenue, Sales Price, Gross Margin Analysis
9.4.3 Contact Information

9.5 NCS
9.5.1 NCS Profile
9.5.2 2010-2016 NCS ONH Analyzer Sales, Sales Revenue, Sales Price, Gross Margin Analysis
9.5.3 Contact Information

9.6 Yanrui
9.6.1 Yanrui Profile
9.6.2 2010-2016 Yanrui ONH Analyzer Sales, Sales Revenue, Sales Price, Gross Margin Analysis
9.6.3 Contact Information

9.7 Baoying Technology
9.7.1 Baoying Technology Profile
9.7.2 2010-2016 Baoying Technology ONH Analyzer Sales, Sales Revenue, Sales Price, Gross Margin Analysis
9.7.3 Contact Information

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ONH analyzer from Xi'an Yima Opto-electrical Technology Co., Ltd.

The market report, titled ONH Analyzers Market 2016, is an analytical research done by QY Market Research study based on the ONH Analyzers market, which analyzes the competitive framework of the ONH Analyzers industry worldwide. This report “Worldwide ONH Analyzers Market 2016” build by the usage of efficient methodical tools such SWOT analysis, the ONH Analyzers industrial 2016 study offers a comprehensive evaluation worldwide ONH Analyzers market.Global ONH Analyzers Market

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The ONH Analyzers market size is estimated in terms of revenue (US$) and production volume in this report. Whereas the ONH Analyzers market key segments and the geographical distribution across the globe is also deeply analyzed. Various ONH Analyzers market dynamics such as growth drivers, restrictions, and the future prospects of each segment have been discussed in detail. Based on that, the ONH Analyzers market report determines the future status of the market globally.

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The ONH Analyzers industrial chain, existing policies,and rules and regulations are studied in this ONH Analyzers Market report. Key manufacturers, their manufacturing chain, products, ONH Analyzers market price structures as well as the revenue.

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About ONH Analyzer Industry

Questa review si propone di descrivere le differenti tecnologie attualmente disponibili nella pratica clinica, per l’imaging del disco ottico e dello strato delle fibre nervose retiniche (RNFL).

L’importanza dei cambiamenti morfologici del disco ottico nella diagnosi e nel management del glaucoma è ben conosciuta. I metodi convenzionali di esame includono l’osservazione dellla papilla ottica e l’analisi soggettiva di una stereofoto da parte di un oftalmologo esperto. Recentemente sono stati introdotti nuovi metodi di valutazione del disco ottico: Confocal laser ophthalmoscopy (CSLO), Scanning laser polarimetry (SLP) e Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). Individuando i punti di forza ed i limiti di queste tecnologie, è possibile valutare meglio il loro uso nella pratica clinica.

INTRODUZIONE

Il glaucoma è una patologia  caratterizzata da aumento della pressione oculare che determina, se non curato,la progressiva  sofferenza e morte delle cellule gangliari della retina.

La diagnosi di glaucoma e la progressione della malattia si basano sull’ identificazione delle  anomalie e dei cambiamenti della testa del nervo ottico e dello strato delle fibre nervose retiniche (RNFL). Tali cambiamenti strutturali  precedeno le variazioni che possono essere rilevate all’esame del campo visivo.

Sebbene l’esame clinico del disco ottico sia indispensabile per la diagnosi del glaucoma, l’imaging della testa del nervo ottico e delle RNFL è raccomandato per una documentazione oggettiva del danno glaucomatoso.

Una varietà di nuove tecniche come l’HRT, il GDx e l’OCT sono stati creati e sviluppati per la valutazione del nervo ottico e dell’ RNFL.

Queste tecnologie di imaging forniscono misurazioni oggettive che sono altamente riproducibili e mostrano un grande accordo con le valutazioni cliniche.

Tuttavia poiché l’ affidabilità diagnostica di queste tecniche di imaging non è sufficientemente alta, la valutazione del disco ottico tramite stereofoto da parte di personale esperto, rimane ancor oggi il gold standard per la diagnosi di glaucoma.

Nonostante ciò lo scopo di questo articolo è di valutare il ruolo delle tecniche di imaging nella diagnosi di glaucoma.

SCANNING LASER POLARIMETRY (GDX)

Il GDx (GDx Nerve Fiber Analyzer; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, USA), è utile per quantificare lo spessore delle fibre nervose retiniche peripapillari, il cui assottigliamento è dovuto alla perdita di cellule ganglionari retiniche e dei loro assoni. Il principio del GDx è basato sulla misurazione di un ritardo di fase nel backscattering della luce che passa attraverso un’area birifrangente di RNFL. Sebbene il ritardo sia considerato proporzionale allo spessore dell’RNFL, si possono avere artefatti da parte di altri tessuti oculari, in particolare della cornea, che interferiscono con una valutazione accurata dello spessore. Al fine di ridurre gli artefatti e per una migliore compensazione della birifrangenza corneale,  è stato sviluppato il GDx with variable corneal compensation (GDx VCC), che ha una migliore abilità diagnostica rispetto al GDx with fixed corneal compensation (GDx FCC).  Nonostante ciò si possono verificare interferenze con altre strutture sub retiniche e l’immagine prodotta dale GDx VCC può mostrare un atipico ritardo di pattern. Il nuovo Enhanced Corneal Compensation (GDx ECC) è stato recentemente introdotto per migliorare il signal-to-noise  ed eliminare gli artefatti associati ad ARP. Confrontato con il GDx VCC, il GDx ECC ha dimostrato una più alta accuratezza diagnostica ed una migliore relationship struttura-funzione.

Un recente articolo di Medeiros, Vizzeri et al. Ha dimostrato che l’imaging dello strato delle fibre nervose retiniche mediante GDx VCC è superiore alla valutazione topografica del disco ottico mediante HRT nel rilevamento del danno precoce in pazienti con glaucoma sospetto. SLP-VCC e CSLO mostrano una simile relationship con la Perimetria Automatica Standard (SAP).

CONFOCAL SCANNING LASER OPHTHALMOSCOPE (CSLO)

CSLO è una tecnica usata per  fornire una mappa topografica della superficie retinica e, in particolare, della testa del nervo ottico (ONH), oltre a dare una stima dello spessore dell’RNFL attorno alla testa del nervo ottico. L’ultimo CSLO è l’HRT 3 (Heidelberg Engineering). In breve, un’immagine topografica tridimensionale è costruita a partire da piani assiali multifocali attorno alla papilla ottica. Una media di tre scansioni consecutive è ottenuta per formare una singola immagine per l’analisi. Un esaminatore esperto deve tracciare i margini del disco ottico sull’immagine topografica ottenuta. Una volta ottenuta la countur line, il software calcola automaticamente tutte le misure del disco ottico.

Il Moorfields regression analysis (MRA) è stato sviluppato per migliorare l’accuratezza diagnostica dell’HRT 2. Questo algoritmo stima la rima neuroretitica globale ed in 6 settori e li compara con un database normale.

L’HRT 3 software utilizza un’analisi automatica per la valutazione del danno glaucomatoso, il glaucoma probabilità score (GPS), traccia una contour line del margine del disco ottico indipendente dall’operatore. E’ basato su modelli tridimensionali di immagini topografiche complete, che includono il disco ottico e le RNFL.

L’analisi del cup disc comprende tre misure: la dimensione, la profondità e la rima.

I parametri che vengono analizzati per le RNFL sono il raggio di curvatura verticale e orizzontale.

Un recente studio di Rao Hl, Babu GJ dimostra che la capacità diagnostica dell’HRT2 MRA è simile all’HRT 3 MRA; il GPS è più sensibile ma meno specifico del MRA nella diagnostica del glaucoma.

OCT : TOMOGRAFIA A COERENZA OTTICA

L’ OCT è una tecnica di imaging non invasiva utilizzata negli ultimi anni.

Viene sfrutta il principio dell’interferometria dell’alta frequenza e echi bassi, per valutare lo spessore

del tessuto.

L’OCT time domain con lo STRATUS OCT di terza generazione (Carl Zeiss Meditech) è stato il primo ad essere utilizzato per la diagnosi e ricerca del glaucoma.

La tecnologia di Fourier -domain recentemente sviluppata (conosciuta come Spectral-domain OCT) esegue 40.000 scan al secondo con una risoluzione di 3-6 ùm rispetto all’OCT time-domain che ha una risoluzione di 10-15 ùm. Questa tecnologia ha un esecuzione più semplice , ha una migliore abilità diagnostica nel rilevamento dei danni precoci causati dal glaucoma rispetto al time-domain OCT.

L’OCT può essere utilizzato per lo studio della testa del nervo ottico, dello strato delle fibre nervose retiniche peripapillari e della regione maculare.

RUOLO DELLE TECNICHE DI IMAGING

L’uso delle tecniche di imaging è diventato di uso routinario nella pratica clinica mondiale.

L’HRT, IL Gdx, L’OCT forniscono misure quantitative ed oggettive che sono altamente riproducibili.

Molti studi sono stati pubblicati riguardo l’alta riproducibilità di queste tecniche e del loro accordo con le valutazioni cliniche.

Le tecniche di imaging permettono al clinico di valutare oggettivamente lo strato delle fibre nervose retiniche peripapillari che, a differenza del disco ottico, non possono essere visualizzate e misurate facilmente. Si è dimostrato che la variazione dello spessore delle fibre nervose retiniche peripapillari avviene precocemente in corso di glaucoma.

Inoltre le tecniche di imaging forniscono un utile mezzo per quantificare le dimensioni del disco ottico. Gli occhi affetti da ipertensione oculare che presentano anormalità all’HRT e uno spessore ridotto del RNFL misurato con l’OCT e il GDx presentano un rischio aumentato di sviluppare un glaucoma ad angolo aperto (POAG). Si rileva comunque che l’evoluzione delle tecnologie di imaging hanno un effetto negativo sugli studi longitudinali che cercano di dimostrare l’utilità dell’uso di queste tecniche per la rilevazione della progressione del glaucoma.

A tutt’oggi ci sono evidenze che le tecniche di imaging possano assistere il medico nella valutazione della progressione del glaucoma.

L’imaging può anche produrre una falsa identificazione della diagnosi del glaucoma e della sua progressione. La qualità delle immagini può essere influenzata dalla opacità dei mezzi diottrici, dal movimento oculare, dal diametro della pupilla, dalla miopia e dalle variabili dipendenti dall strumento.

Perciò le informazioni ottenute dagli strumenti d’imaging dovrebbero essere considerate complementari alla altre valutazioni cliniche . Quindi la diagnosi di glaucoma non può essere assolutamente basata sull’esclusivo uso di queste tecniche.

TECNOLOGIE FUTURE

Un OCT di nuova generazione è l’OCT Swept-Source, che può migliorare la velocità di acquisizione delle immagini e la sensibilità. Un’altra tecnologia che inizia a suscitare interesse è l’OCT Polarization-Sensitive che ha dimostrato di fornire uno più specifico contrasto tessutale.

CONCLUSIONI

Premesso che lo studio del disco ottico tramite le stereofotografie rimane il gold standard per la valutazione del danno strutturale provocato dal glaucoma, le moderne tecnologie di imaging forniscono un contributo significativo nella diagnosi e nel follow up del galucoma.

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